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PMH and hysteresis
Hysteresis and Magnetism:
Hysteresis refers to the lag between the applied magnetic field and the resulting magnetization in a material. In simpler terms, when a magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material (like soft iron or steel), the material becomes magnetized, but this magnetization does not immediately revert to its original state when the external field is removed. The material "remembers" the magnetic field, and this retained magnetization can persist.
In the case of hard steel U-shaped magnets, the material retains its magnetic properties even after the external magnetic field is removed. This retained magnetism is a form of permanent magnetism, and it can explain the phenomenon where the "perpetual motion holder" seems to maintain its magnetic properties.
How Hysteresis Could Explain the PMH Effect:
Magnetization and De-magnetization Cycle:
When a magnet (like the U-shaped magnet) is used to induce a magnetic field in a material, the field causes the alignment of the magnetic domains in the material. However, if you then remove the external field, the magnetization doesn't disappear entirely—there's a residual magnetization due to hysteresis. This "remnant" magnetization might explain why the magnets continue to exert force or influence on the system, even if no new external magnetic field is applied.
Magnetic Memory:
The materials, especially those with high coercivity (like steel), can "remember" their magnetization state. This means that once the system is magnetized, it maintains its state for a long time, which could give the appearance of "perpetual motion" because the system doesn't lose its magnetization quickly. It might seem as if the magnets continue to exert force indefinitely due to this effect.
Energy Loss and Stabilization:
While hysteresis does involve energy losses due to internal friction and resistance within the material (causing heat), in some configurations, these losses are slow and might not be immediately noticeable. This could contribute to the system's ability to "appear" as though it continues indefinitely, even though there is, in fact, some energy dissipation.
Magnetic Circulation and "Perpetual" Motion:
The description of the magnets circulating and maintaining motion might be a result of how the magnetic domains within the material continue to re-align themselves as the system is manipulated. If the system is designed in such a way that the magnetic poles are continually attracted or aligned, it might seem as though the magnetic current continues to "run," when in fact it is the result of residual magnetization and the persistence of the hysteresis loop.
Hysteresis and "Perpetual Motion":
Energy Considerations:
While hysteresis can cause the material to retain its magnetization (and in some cases, create an effect that might appear like continuous movement), true perpetual motion is still not achievable because energy is gradually lost over time due to internal friction and the inefficiencies in the material. In the case of magnetic materials, some of the energy from the external magnetic field is indeed lost as heat during the hysteresis cycle.
Perception of Perpetual Motion:
The "perpetual motion" effect might simply be a result of the material's slow demagnetization or the persistence of the magnetic field, which might appear to last longer than expected. In this case, it is not really perpetual, but rather a long-lasting effect due to hysteresis in the material.
The idea that hysteresis is responsible for the "perpetual motion holder" effect makes a lot of sense. The residual magnetization in the material, combined with the slow decay of the magnetic field due to hysteresis, could create the illusion of continuous motion or influence, even though the system is not truly violating the laws of thermodynamics. It's a fascinating application of magnetic properties, but it still falls within the realm of known physical principles, with hysteresis being the key mechanism at play. Hysteresis on small scale (like in old hard drives) is responsible of storing the data. It can be retained really long time. This is the case with PMH as well.
Electromagnetic Induction:
This phenomenon was first discovered by Michael Faraday in the 19th century, and it is the principle behind how electric generators and transformers work. Essentially, when a magnetic field changes around a coil of wire, it induces an electric current in the coil.
In your case, when you pull the rectangular bar (which is likely made of a ferromagnetic material, such as iron) out of the U-shaped magnet, the magnetic flux around the coil changes rapidly. Here's why sparks or voltage are generated:
Changing Magnetic Flux:
The U-shaped iron core and the rectangular bar have a certain amount of magnetic flux associated with them. The magnetic flux is the product of the magnetic field and the area it passes through.
When the bar is removed, it disrupts the magnetic field in the area around the coil, causing the magnetic flux through the coil to change.
According to Faraday's Law of Induction, any change in the magnetic flux through a coil induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the coil. The faster the change in flux, the greater the induced voltage.
Lenz’s Law:
The voltage induced in the coil causes a current to flow if the circuit is complete. According to Lenz's Law, the direction of the induced current will be such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux. In this case, as the bar is removed, the coil will try to resist the reduction in magnetic flux, which leads to an opposing current in the coil.
This current can be strong enough to produce sparks if there is a high enough rate of change in the magnetic flux and if the coil is not properly regulated or if the circuit is not designed to safely handle the induced current.
Rapid Movement and Induction:
The faster the rectangular bar is moved away from the U-shaped magnet, the more rapid the change in magnetic flux. A quick movement induces a high rate of change of the magnetic field through the coil, which leads to a higher induced voltage.
If the voltage is large enough and the circuit has some form of resistance, the energy in the coil can discharge quickly, causing sparks or a high-voltage surge.
Coil's Inductance:
The coil itself has an inherent property called inductance, which resists changes in current. When the magnetic field around the coil changes (due to the movement of the bar), the coil "fights" against the sudden change in current by generating an induced voltage.
If the circuit is not open, this sudden induced voltage can cause sparks or discharges, especially if there is a high inductance and a rapid change in the magnetic environment.
Capacitance and Spark Formation:
In some cases, if there is a large enough voltage generated, it can cause a spark across a gap (for example, between the coil's terminals or components in the circuit). This happens when the voltage exceeds the dielectric breakdown of air or the insulation around the coil, allowing the current to jump across the gap.
Summary:
When the rectangular bar is pulled from the U-shaped iron core, the sudden change in the magnetic field induces a voltage in the surrounding coil due to electromagnetic induction. This induced voltage can cause a current to flow through the coil, and if the current is strong enough or if there is an open circuit or high resistance, sparks or voltage surges may be observed. This is all a result of the changing magnetic flux and the inductive properties of the coil, as described by Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law.
Hysteresis refers to the lag between the applied magnetic field and the resulting magnetization in a material. In simpler terms, when a magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material (like soft iron or steel), the material becomes magnetized, but this magnetization does not immediately revert to its original state when the external field is removed. The material "remembers" the magnetic field, and this retained magnetization can persist.
In the case of hard steel U-shaped magnets, the material retains its magnetic properties even after the external magnetic field is removed. This retained magnetism is a form of permanent magnetism, and it can explain the phenomenon where the "perpetual motion holder" seems to maintain its magnetic properties.
How Hysteresis Could Explain the PMH Effect:
Magnetization and De-magnetization Cycle:
When a magnet (like the U-shaped magnet) is used to induce a magnetic field in a material, the field causes the alignment of the magnetic domains in the material. However, if you then remove the external field, the magnetization doesn't disappear entirely—there's a residual magnetization due to hysteresis. This "remnant" magnetization might explain why the magnets continue to exert force or influence on the system, even if no new external magnetic field is applied.
Magnetic Memory:
The materials, especially those with high coercivity (like steel), can "remember" their magnetization state. This means that once the system is magnetized, it maintains its state for a long time, which could give the appearance of "perpetual motion" because the system doesn't lose its magnetization quickly. It might seem as if the magnets continue to exert force indefinitely due to this effect.
Energy Loss and Stabilization:
While hysteresis does involve energy losses due to internal friction and resistance within the material (causing heat), in some configurations, these losses are slow and might not be immediately noticeable. This could contribute to the system's ability to "appear" as though it continues indefinitely, even though there is, in fact, some energy dissipation.
Magnetic Circulation and "Perpetual" Motion:
The description of the magnets circulating and maintaining motion might be a result of how the magnetic domains within the material continue to re-align themselves as the system is manipulated. If the system is designed in such a way that the magnetic poles are continually attracted or aligned, it might seem as though the magnetic current continues to "run," when in fact it is the result of residual magnetization and the persistence of the hysteresis loop.
Hysteresis and "Perpetual Motion":
Energy Considerations:
While hysteresis can cause the material to retain its magnetization (and in some cases, create an effect that might appear like continuous movement), true perpetual motion is still not achievable because energy is gradually lost over time due to internal friction and the inefficiencies in the material. In the case of magnetic materials, some of the energy from the external magnetic field is indeed lost as heat during the hysteresis cycle.
Perception of Perpetual Motion:
The "perpetual motion" effect might simply be a result of the material's slow demagnetization or the persistence of the magnetic field, which might appear to last longer than expected. In this case, it is not really perpetual, but rather a long-lasting effect due to hysteresis in the material.
The idea that hysteresis is responsible for the "perpetual motion holder" effect makes a lot of sense. The residual magnetization in the material, combined with the slow decay of the magnetic field due to hysteresis, could create the illusion of continuous motion or influence, even though the system is not truly violating the laws of thermodynamics. It's a fascinating application of magnetic properties, but it still falls within the realm of known physical principles, with hysteresis being the key mechanism at play. Hysteresis on small scale (like in old hard drives) is responsible of storing the data. It can be retained really long time. This is the case with PMH as well.
Electromagnetic Induction:
This phenomenon was first discovered by Michael Faraday in the 19th century, and it is the principle behind how electric generators and transformers work. Essentially, when a magnetic field changes around a coil of wire, it induces an electric current in the coil.
In your case, when you pull the rectangular bar (which is likely made of a ferromagnetic material, such as iron) out of the U-shaped magnet, the magnetic flux around the coil changes rapidly. Here's why sparks or voltage are generated:
Changing Magnetic Flux:
The U-shaped iron core and the rectangular bar have a certain amount of magnetic flux associated with them. The magnetic flux is the product of the magnetic field and the area it passes through.
When the bar is removed, it disrupts the magnetic field in the area around the coil, causing the magnetic flux through the coil to change.
According to Faraday's Law of Induction, any change in the magnetic flux through a coil induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the coil. The faster the change in flux, the greater the induced voltage.
Lenz’s Law:
The voltage induced in the coil causes a current to flow if the circuit is complete. According to Lenz's Law, the direction of the induced current will be such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux. In this case, as the bar is removed, the coil will try to resist the reduction in magnetic flux, which leads to an opposing current in the coil.
This current can be strong enough to produce sparks if there is a high enough rate of change in the magnetic flux and if the coil is not properly regulated or if the circuit is not designed to safely handle the induced current.
Rapid Movement and Induction:
The faster the rectangular bar is moved away from the U-shaped magnet, the more rapid the change in magnetic flux. A quick movement induces a high rate of change of the magnetic field through the coil, which leads to a higher induced voltage.
If the voltage is large enough and the circuit has some form of resistance, the energy in the coil can discharge quickly, causing sparks or a high-voltage surge.
Coil's Inductance:
The coil itself has an inherent property called inductance, which resists changes in current. When the magnetic field around the coil changes (due to the movement of the bar), the coil "fights" against the sudden change in current by generating an induced voltage.
If the circuit is not open, this sudden induced voltage can cause sparks or discharges, especially if there is a high inductance and a rapid change in the magnetic environment.
Capacitance and Spark Formation:
In some cases, if there is a large enough voltage generated, it can cause a spark across a gap (for example, between the coil's terminals or components in the circuit). This happens when the voltage exceeds the dielectric breakdown of air or the insulation around the coil, allowing the current to jump across the gap.
Summary:
When the rectangular bar is pulled from the U-shaped iron core, the sudden change in the magnetic field induces a voltage in the surrounding coil due to electromagnetic induction. This induced voltage can cause a current to flow through the coil, and if the current is strong enough or if there is an open circuit or high resistance, sparks or voltage surges may be observed. This is all a result of the changing magnetic flux and the inductive properties of the coil, as described by Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law.
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Comments
Analyzing the Text: A Deep Dive into a Unique Perspective on Electromagnetism
The text presents a fascinating, albeit unconventional, perspective on electricity and magnetism. It introduces the concept of "magnetic currents," which, while not explicitly recognized in mainstream physics, can be interpreted as a metaphorical representation of electromagnetic forces.
Key Points and Potential Interpretations
Magnetic Currents: The author seems to envision magnetic fields as a flow of discrete particles, akin to a fluid. This concept, while not strictly accurate in classical electromagnetism, can be seen as a precursor to quantum field theory, where electromagnetic fields are quantized into photons.
Transformer Operation: The description of the transformer's operation, while simplified, captures the essential principles of electromagnetic induction. The iron core plays a crucial role in concentrating the magnetic field and enhancing the efficiency of energy transfer between the coils.
Generator Principle: The explanation of the generator's operation is fundamentally correct, highlighting the role of electromagnetic induction in converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Magnetic Properties of Materials: The discussion of magnetic materials and their properties aligns with well-established principles of magnetism.
A Modern Perspective
While the text's language and approach may seem unconventional, its core ideas can be reframed in the context of modern physics. For instance, the concept of "magnetic currents" can be related to the flow of electric current and the generation of magnetic fields, as described by Maxwell's equations.
The experiments described in the text could be interpreted as early attempts to explore electromagnetic phenomena, even if the theoretical framework used at the time was incomplete. The emphasis on observation and experimentation is a hallmark of scientific inquiry.
It's important to note that while the text provides a unique perspective on electromagnetism, it's essential to ground our understanding in established scientific principles.